93 சதவீத மக்கள் ஹிந்துக்கள் உள்ள பாலி (BALI)

உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய இஸ்லாம் நாடான இந்தோனேசியாவில் உள்ள ஒரூ தீவு தான் பாலி (BALI). இங்கே 93 சதவீத மக்கள் ஹிந்துக்கள். 42 லட்சம் ஹிந்துக்களின் தாயகமாக பாலி விளங்குகிறது.

ஒரு காலத்தில் ஹிந்து ராஜ்யமாக இருந்த இந்தோனேசியாவில், முஸ்லிம்களின் படையெடுப்பிற்கு பிறகு பெரும்பான்மை மக்கள் முஸ்லிம்களாக மாற்றப்பட்டனர். இஸ்லாமியர்கள் மஜாபஹிட் (Majapahit ) என்ற கடைசி ஹிந்து மன்னரை வீழ்த்திய பிறகு ஹிந்து மதத்தை விட்டு மாறாமல் இருந்த மக்கள் பாலிக்கு குடிபெயர்ந்தனர்.
பாலியை பற்றிய சுவாரசியமான தகவல்கள்.

1. இங்கே ஒவொரு ஆண்டும் மார்ச் மாதத்தில் ஒரு நாள் மௌன விரதம் கடைபிடிக்கபடுகிறது. Nyepi day ( மௌன தினம் ) என்று சொல்கிறார்கள். ஹிந்துகளின் பண்டிகை போன்ற அந்த நாளில் இந்தோனேசியா முழுவதும் விடுமுறை அளிக்கபடுகிறது. காலை 6 மணி முதல், மாலை 6 மணி வரை எந்த போக்குவரத்தும் இருக்காது. பன்னாட்டு விமான நிலையமான Denpasar (bali) விமான நிலையம் கூட மூடப்பட்டு இருக்கும். யாரும் பேசிக்கொள்ள மாட்டார்கள். வீட்டில் இருந்தபடியே தியானம் செய்வார்கள்.

2. பாலியில் உள்ள ஹிந்து கலாச்சாரம் இந்திய ரிஷிகளிடமிருந்து வந்தது தான். பாலி பள்ளிகளில் இன்றும் கூட ரிஷிகளை பற்றிய பாடங்கள் இருக்கின்றன. புராணங்களில் வரும் மார்கண்டேய, அகஸ்திய, பரத்வாஜ ரிஷிகளை பற்றி இந்தியாவில் யாருக்கும் தெரியாத நிலையில், இந்த ரிஷிகளை பற்றி பாலி குழந்தைகள் கூட தெரிந்து வைத்து இருக்கிறார்கள்.

3. பாலியில் ஆணுக்கும், பெண்ணுக்கும் தேசிய உடை 'வேஷ்டி' தான். எந்த ஒரு பாலி கோவிலுக்கும் வேஷ்டி அணியாமல் ஆணோ, பெண்ணோ உள்ளே செல்ல முடியாது. இந்தியாவில் கூட சில கோவில்களில்தான் பாரம்பரிய உடை கட்டாயமாக உள்ளது (குருவாயூர் போன்ற). ஆனால் பாலியில் அனைத்து கோவில்களிலும் நமது உடை அணிந்து தான் செல்ல வேண்டும்.

4. பாலியின் சமூக, பொருளாதார, அரசியல் கட்டமைப்பு ரிஷிகள் உருவாகிய tri-hita-karana என்ற கோட்பாட்டின் படி தான் அமைந்துள்ளது. அதைதான் அவர்கள் தங்கள் வாரிசுகளுக்கும் சொல்லிக்கொடுக்கிறார்கள். Parahyangan - Pawongan - Palemahan என்று பொருள்படும். tri-hita-karana என்பது சமஸ்கிருதம்.

5. Trikala Sandhya என்பது சூரிய நமஸ்காரம். அணைத்து பாலி பள்ளிகளிலும் கட்டயாமாக மூன்று வேலை சூரிய நமஸ்காரம் செய்கிறார்கள். அதே போல மூன்று வேலையும் காயத்ரி மந்திரத்தை அவர்கள் பள்ளியில் சொல்லவேண்டும். பொதுவாக பாலி ரேடியோவில் மூன்று வேலை சூரிய நமஸ்காரம் செய்ய வேண்டிய நேரத்தில் அதை ஒலிபரப்புவார்கள். இந்தியாவில் சூரிய நமஸ்காரதிர்க்கு எதிர்ப்பு தான் வருகிறது. 5 வேலை நமாஸ் செய்ய சொல்வார்கள் போல.

6. பாலி கோவில் பூசாரிகளின் சம்பளத்தை இந்தோனேசியா அரசாங்கமே கொடுக்கிறது. முஸ்லிம் மத நாடான இந்தோனேசியாவில் அனைத்து மத கோவில் பூசாரிகளின் சம்பளத்தை அரசே கொடுக்கிறது.

7. இந்தோனேசிய நாட்டின் மூதாதையர்கள் அனைவரும் ஹிந்துக்களே, அதனால் அவர்களின் பண்பாடுகளில் இந்திய கலாசாரமே அதிகம் கலந்துள்ளது.

8. உலகில் அரிசி விளைவிக்கும் நாடுகளில் இந்தோனேசியா முக்கிய இடம் வகிக்கிறது, பாலி தீவு முழுவதும் அரிசி வயல்கள் தான் இருக்கின்றது. பாலி மக்கள் விளைந்த அரிசியை முதலில் ஸ்ரீ தேவி, பூதேவி (Shri Devi and Bhu Devi ) ஆகிய தெய்வங்களுக்கு தான் படைக்கிறார்கள். அனைத்து வயல்களிலும் இந்த இரண்டு தெய்வங்களும் கோவில் இருக்கும், விவசாயிகள் இந்த இரு தெய்வங்களை வணங்கிய பிறகு தான் விவசாய தொழிலுக்கு செல்வார்கள். 9ஆவது நூற்றாண்டிலேயே விவசாய மற்றும் நீர்பாசன விதிமுறைகளை ஹிந்து பெரியோர்கள் கற்றுகொடுத்து இருக்கிறார்கள். அதற்க்கு Subak System என்று பெயர். இங்கே நீர் பாசனம் முழுவதும் கோவில் பூசாரிகளின் கட்டுபாட்டில் தான் இருக்கும். உலக வங்கியே Subak System பின் பற்றுமாறு மற்ற நாட்டினருக்கு அறிவுரை வழங்கி உள்ளது குறிப்பிட தக்கது. இந்தியர்கள் கொண்டு வந்த இந்த விஞ்ஞானம் இன்று இந்தியாவில் இல்லை.

9. பாலி ஹிந்துக்கள் பூஜை செய்யும் பொழுது பிரிண்ட் செய்யப்பட்ட புத்தகங்களை வாசிப்பது இல்லை. இன்றும் கூட அவர்கள் கையால் எழுதப்பட்ட ஓலை சுவடியையே (Lontar) பயன்படுத்துகிறார்கள். ராமாணயம் அனைவருக்கும் தெரிந்து இருக்கும்.ராமாணய ஓலைசுவடியை நல்ல நாட்களில் எடுத்து வரும் திருவிழா நடைபெறும். 10. அனைத்து திருவிழாகளிலும் பாலி நடனம் ஆடுவார்கள், அதில் பெரும்பாலும் இராமாயண இதிகாசங்களை கதைகளாக சொல்வார்கள். ஹிந்துக்களின் சொர்க்க பூமி பாலி என்பதில் எந்த சந்தேகமும் இல்லை. உலகின் அழகிய தீவுகளில் பாலி முக்கிய இடம் வகிக்கிறது. அழகிய இடங்கள், அமைதியான வாழ்க்கை முறை, பாரம்பரியமிக்க ஹிந்து கலாச்சாரம், நடனம், இசை என்று இந்த தீவு உலக சுற்றுலா பயணிகளை அதிகம் கவருவதில் ஆச்சிரியம் ஏதும் இல்லை.

Ramayana and Cultural Fusion in Various Countries

 
 Depending on the methods of counting, as many as three hundred [1,2] versions of the Indian epic poem, the Ramayana, are known to exist. The oldest version is generally recognized to be the Sanskrit version attributed to the sage Valmiki. The story of Ramayana, particularly, travelled beyond our shores, and became highly indigenous with various elements of the tale changing suitably to match the local cultural ethos. A year-long exhibition in Singapore on the mythological-cum-historical text, ‘Ramayana Revisited – A tale of love & adventure', at the Peranakan Museum, ignited the exploration of the role the story plays as a cultural unifier for the Asian region.

The Ramayana has spread to many Asian countries outside of India, including Burma, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, Mongolia, Vietnam, China etc. The original Valmiki version has been adapted or translated into various regional languages, which have often been marked more or less by plot twists and thematic adaptations.

The following are some of the versions of the Ramayana that have emerged outside India:
• Burma (Myanmar) - Yama Zatdaw
• Cambodia - Reamker
• Java, Indonesia - Kakawin Ramayana
• Kingdom of Lan Na - Phommachak
• Laos - Phra Lak Phra Lam
• Malaysia - Hikayat Seri Rama & Hikayat Maharaja Wana
• Nepal - The Nepal Bhasa version called Siddhi Ramayan was written by Mahakavi Siddhidas Mahaju Amatya during Nepal Bhasa renaissance era and the Khas language (later called "Nepali") version of Bhanubhaktako Ramayan by Bhanubhakta Acharya marked the first epic written in the language.
• Philippines - Maharadia Lawana & Darangen of Mindanao
• Tai Lü language - Langka Sip Hor
• Thailand - Ramakien

In Japan, with the spread of Buddhism it came to be known as Ramaenna or Ramaensho, in which the story/character of Hanuman was ignored. In one other variant, Suwa engi no koto written in the fourteenth century, the protagonist, Koga Saburo Yorikata, is the youngest son whose exile is caused by his brothers. In another variant called Bontenkoku, Tamawaka (Rama) is a flute player who escapes with his abducted wife Himegini (Sita) while her captor King Baramon (Ravana) is away for hunting. Other Ramayana-derived stories in Japan including Kifune no honji, Onzoshi shimawatari and Bukkigun, have also demonstrated a deep convergence between the characters of Rama and Ravana. [3,7]

In China, the earliest known telling of Ramayana is found in the Buddhist text, Liudu ji jing. Significantly, and unlike in Japan, the impact of Ramayana on Chinese society arguably was responsible for the creation of a popular fictional monkey king's character, Sun Wukong (Hanuman), in a sixteenth century novel Xiyou ji. We also find characters with the names of Dasharatha, Rama and Lakshmana in a fifth century Chinese text, Shishewang yuan. The Dai ethnic group of south-western Yunnan province also know the story as Lanka Xihe (Ten heads of Lanka). The epic also spread to Tibet and Mongolia through Buddhism, with a notable variant being that it is Bharata, and not Lakshmana, who accompanies Rama in exile. [3]

A Ramayanic scene found painted in ancient #Italian houses discovered in archaeological excavations. Kausalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra, wives of the aged king Dasharath sharing the divine fertility potion to beget illustrious sons. The Dasharath legend is also part of ancient Egyptian lore. All this shows that countries of Europe and Africa followed Vedic dharma in ancient times. [5] Rama-Seeta-Lakshmana walking through the forest in the order described in the Ramayana, a scene delineated in ancient Italian homes. Italian archaeologists express bewilderment at these paintings because they are unaware that ancient Europe including Italy practiced Hinduism. [6]

The Ramayana, as it is called “The Grand Epic of Vedic World”, imparts instruction in every aspect of life – in upright behaviour in the world by its code of conduct, in cultural refinement by its literary beauties, in spiritual endeavour by its undercurrent of Upanishadic affluence. A study of Ramayana cleanses the mind and heart of its impurities and sins and makes the earthly existence pleasant and peaceful and at the same time overcomes the obstacles that bar the progress towards attaining the Supreme Lord. It is rightly said in the opening of Ramayana Mahakavya “As long as the rivers and mountains continue in this world the story of Ramayana will last”. How else can anybody summarise the greatness of the epic?

Divided by Boundaries, United by Ramayana
=====================================================
Notes:
[1] Camille Bulcke, Ramkatha: Utpatti aur Vikās (The Rāma story: Original and development), Prayāg: Hindī Pariṣad Prakāśan, 1950.
[2] A. K. Ramanujan, "Three hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation", in Paula Richman (ed.), Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1991, p. 48,

'Hoysaleswara Temple' in Halebidu, Karnataka, India.

Hindu God 'Vishnu' as 'Narasimha' or Man-Lion, kills Hiranyakashipu, a demon who had been granted a special boon of near-immortality by the God of Creation, Brahma. Narasimha manages to circumvent all the conditions that Brahma had stipulated would not cause his death, like not being killed by either man or animal or not being killed within or outside his residence (he is killed at the threshold). Stone sculpture from the 'Hoysaleswara Temple' in Halebidu, Karnataka, India.

Gandaberunda seen at Balligavi, Shimoga district, Karnataka.

 The Gandaberunda or The Mighty Two-headed Bird was an incarnation of Vishnu assumed to fight another incarnation of the Hindu God of Destruction, Shiva. Gandaberunda took on Shiva's incarnation, a half lion, half bird called Sharabha and defeated it. It is also the state emblem of Karnataka in India and is said to possess magical powers.

Vedic Influence in Greece

There are many connection of Greece with the Vedic Culture;

• Indra whirling his thunderbolt appears to be the same as Jupiter, Chrisn (Krishna) and his nine Gopis are evidently Apollo and the Muses.

• The fact that Krishna was the God of Greece is proved by the silver coins made by Agathaclose, a Greek ruler of the 2nd century B.C. These coins bear the imprint of Lord Krishna and his brother Balrama and are on display in several museums.

• Furthermore, a large mosaic of young Krishna playing his flute, standing cross legged under a tree white grazing cows, hangs in the museum in Corinth.

Vedic Influence in Russia

The name Russia i.e. Russi (also spelled as Rishi) is Sanskrit word for a Sage. Thus the term Russia signifies the land of Rishis and Sages.

• Russian phraseology and language also bears close resemblance to Sanskrit. E.g. Daughter-in-law is called Snoka like Sanskrit term for it Snusha. Name Andropov signifies one belonging to the family of Indra (In pronounced as Andro in Russian). The name Lebedev is Sanskrit name Lava-dev, meaning Lava, the son of Lord Rama.

• Name of Moscow has Sanskrit origin, when we change the places of "C" and "S" the name is spelled as Mocsow, which is Sanskrit of "Moksha", meaning salvation, which is the chief goal of life of the Rishis, Sages.

• While the term Soviet comes from the term Svet meaning white (snow-covered) region.

• Term Bolshevik is Sanskrit for Bal-Sevik, signifying Rishis (Sages) who sought to attain (Spiritual or Temporal) power.

• The names of towns ending with "Grad" are from Sanskrit "Graam".

• In Caspian Sea there is a busy port of Baku, where you find a temple of Goddess of Effulgence (Jwalamai). Buried under the heap of ashes are inscriptions left by Vedic Fire Worshippers. On the walls of the temple the sacred Gayatri Mantra is written in Devanagri Script. Even up to World War II a lone Vedic monk would station himself there in the austere surroundings to maintain the place. Local Indian Hindu merchants would bring donations for the upkeep of the temple and the monk. There may be many such Vedic Temple scattered in Russia now camouflaged as Christian Churches.

• In 30th August 1982, a Times of India publication published a discovery, a stone carving depiction a Vedic Chariot in the Region of Tajikistan.

Ancient Vedic Sages lived along with their disciples in the caves, which were hand carved just like you find in India in the Armenian Republic.

• In 27th November 1983 the Indian Express published about the Vedic remains in Russia. When Soviet archaeologists stumbled on the remains of a giant

• The mystical bird of Gandabherunda is featured in the emblem of Russia. The compound name is made of ganda,the mighty, and bherunda meaning "two headed".Its origin has been traced in hoary past in different ancient civilizations, more than 4,000 years back. The concept of two headed bird existed among Hittites, Egyptians and Sumerians as well as Hindus. The first human beings pondered over the regular movement of the Sun, tree of life and big birds soaring high in the sky all the time. This idea developed perhaps, into a celestial bird, watching in all directions.

Buddhist Cave-monastery in the Kara-Tepe hill during excavation-work in Termez in Uzbekistan, fresh light was once again thrown on the possibility of cultural relation-ship between Soviet Central Asia and India.

• The Russians also knew Ayurveda, the Vedic medicinal science. The Sanskrit text of Ashtang Ayurveda was discovered in Russia, along with a bronze image of the Vedic deity of longevity, is on display at the international academy of Indian Culture, 22-Hauz Khas Road, New Delhi. Also, people of Siberia are conversant with the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines like Triphala, Hingashtak powders. Due to the inhospitable Siberian region Christianity was unable to penetrate easily into the region thus people of Siberia were still able to preserve the knowledge.

• The word Siberia is still pronounced by local people as Shibir, which is exact Sanskrit word meaning encampment or temporary habitation.

• In the town of Samarkand there is a palatial building housing the grave of conqueror Tamerlian, confusion exists about the building whether it was a Muslim building or an earlier Vedic Building of the earlier rulers. Because at the entrance there are pictures or images of Sun and Tiger, which local guides still call "Soor-Sadul" meaning Surya-Shardul which could very well be the emblem of the Vedic rulers.

• There exist Russian Veda which is exactly like our Vedas in which the central figure is the figure called Krishen, it has the same stories of that of Bhagavad-Puran, where he kills many demons including the witch, and snake exactly like Putna and Agasura.

The Vedic Influence in Indonesia

• Java is Sanskrit for Jawadvip means island shaped like a barley corn.

• Indonesia still retains its Vedic origins although it now has the biggest Muslim population in the world. Its national airline is Garuda the eagle carrier of Lord Vishnu. The name Indonesia refers to Nesia signifies group of islands and Indo refers to India. Java, Bali and Sumatra are all Sanskrit names and still have Vedic religion followed there.

Vedic Influence in Malaysia

• Malaysia and Singapore, "Pore" is derived from Sanskrit word "Pur" And Singa is derived from Nrsingha for lion, as the name of Narasinghadeva, the half-man, half lion incarnation of lord Vishnu. So Singapore is the "Lion City".

• Malaya also is a Sanskrit word, and Malayan towns bear Sanskrit names, and the royal princesses are called Putri, Mahadevi, Vidyadhari While men have names such as Rama, Lakshmana. Even palaces are called Asthana. All throughout the country one finds excavations leading to Vedic temples and shrines.

• The old name of Malaysia is Malaya appeared from the Tamil word Malai-ur (Land of mountain)

• Muar is one of the city in the southern part of Malaysia. The other name is Bandar Maharani (City of the queen). The word Muar appeared from Tamil word means 3 rivers get together. In Tamil language 3 = moodru, river = Aaru

• In the north Malaysia there was an ancient Hindu Kingdom called as Gangga Negara (The city of Gangga). Today the Islamic government of Malaysia destroyed the existence of this city.

• A city called as Kadaram existed in the North region. The Tamil prasaśti of Virarajendra Chola records a naval invasion of Kadaram (modern Kedah in Malaysia) by the Cholas.

• Bujang Valley or Lembah Bujang is a sprawling historical complex and has an area of approximately 224 km2. Situated near Merbok, Kedah, between Gunung Jerai in the north and Muda River in the south, it is the richest archaeological area in Malaysia. Today the Muslim government of Malaysia is not taking care of the archeology sites. Last year an ancient temple complex was destroyed for the development purpose.

• Kota Gelanggi is a Hindu historical site which was not reveal to the public till today. the city formed part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The indigenous headmen from the Linggiu Dam area nonetheless insist that the city exists but the Muslim government of Malaysia made a statement that the "Lost City does not exist"

swastika symbols, Bolsena, Italy, 700-650 BC. Louvre Museum.

Etruscan pendant with swastika symbols, Bolsena, Italy, 700-650 BC. Louvre Museum.

Vedic Influence in Korea

• The name Korea is derived from the Sanskrit word Gauriya, which became Goriya before it was changed to Korea. Changing the "G" sound to the "K"or"C" sound can also be recognized in the Sanskrit word Gau which changes in English to "Cow".

• Gouri is the Vedic goddess and of Lord Shiva. She was the principal deity of this region, so consequently the country was named after her.

• In 48 AD, Queen Suro or Princess Heo Hwang-ok is said to have made a journey from Lord Ram's birthplace to Korea by sea, carrying a stone which calmed the waters. The stone is not found anywhere in Korea and is now a part of crucial evidence that the princess belonged to the city of Ayodhya in India. "This stone is only found in India, proof that it came from there to Korea,"

• Korean historians believe that Queen Huh was a princess of an ancient kingdom in Ayodhya. She went to Korea some two-thousand years ago and started the Karak dynasty by marrying a local king, Suro.

Vedic Influence in Borneo

• If the dense forests of nearby Borneo are thoroughly explored they will reveal many historic relics of the sway that the ancient Hindus held there.

• The sultan of Brunei (in Borneo) bore the title of Seri Begavan, meaning Shri Bhagavan(Lord Vishnu). Recently because of the sultanate's long alienation from the Sanskrit, that term is being wrongly interpreted as 'the royal advisor.'

• The ancient Indian name by which Indonesians call Borneo is Kalimantan. Kali is the popular Indian goddess who is devoutly worshiped by the general masses of Vedic followers and rulers alike.

• Furthermore, part of Borneo is Sarawak. The last ruler before Malaysian government take over Sarawak region was ruled by an Englishman. However, he also bore the title of raja, which shows that Borneo was a part of the Indian empire in East Asia.

• Name of Brunei itself came from the name of Hindu God Varuna. In some part of world V pronounced as B. Varuna became Baruna, later they named the country as Brunei. Today the sultan who is an Islam follower demolished all the Hindu evidence in the country.

• In the Eastern Borneo a Hindu deity Ganesh from the year 800 A.D was found.

Vedic influence in Myanmar (Burma)

• Burma is an abbreviation of the Sanskrit name Brahmadesh, or the region of Brahma.

• The names of it's rivers are Sanskrit names, such as Irrawati, Brahmaputra and Chindwin (from Chintanvan--a region of forests for meditative seclusion).

• It's cities also have Sanskrit names, such as Rangoon, Prome, Mandalay, Meiktila (Mithila), and the ancient Pragan (city of exquisite temples) all remind one of Burma's Vedic past.

• It's head of state is also known as Adipadi, which is the Sanskrit Adhipati, referring to the chief executive.

• The kings also bore Sanskrit names. Plus, the people enjoy the annual Indian festival of Holi, and throwing colored water and dyes on one and all.

• Hindu temples which are left over in Burma have influence from South Indians. Nanpaya temple is one of them.

List Of Sakthi Peetam Temples

Sr. No	Place	State in India/Country	Body Part or Ornament	Shakti	Bhairava
1	Amarnath, from Srinagar through Pahalgam 94 km by Bus, Chandanwari 16 km by walk	Jammu and Kashmir	Throat	Mahamaya	Trisandhyeshwar
2	Attahas situated in a village also named as Attahas or Ashtahas around 2 km east of Labhpur village road in the district of [[Birbhum] ],	West Bengal	Lips	Phullara	Vishvesh
3	Bahula, on the banks of Ajay river at Ketugram, 8 km from Katwa, Burdwan	West Bengal	Left arm	Goddess Bahula	Bhiruk
4	Bakreshwar, on the banks of Paaphara river, 24 km distance from Siuri Town [a district headquarter], district Birbhum, 7 km from Dubrajpur Rly. Station	West Bengal	Portion between the eyebrows	Mahishmardini	Vakranath
5	Bhairavparvat, at Bhairav hills on the banks of Shipra river in the city of Ujjaini.Local People call this temple as Gadkalika.	Madhya Pradesh	Elbow	Avanti	Lambkarna
6	Bhabanipur, located in the Upazilla of Sherpur, Bogra, Rajshahi Division. Also located at Karatoyatat, it is about 28 km distance from the town of Sherpur.	Bangladesh	Left anklet (ornament)	Aparna	Vaman
7	Chhinnamastika Shaktipeeth at Chintpurni, in Una District of Himachal Pradesh	Himachal Pradesh	Feet	Chhinnamastika	Rudra Mahadev
8	Gandaki, Pokhara about 125 km on the banks of Gandaki river where Muktinath temple is situated	Nepal	Temple	Gandaki Chandi	Chakrapani
9	Goddess Bhadrakaali on banks of Godavari in Nasik city	Maharashtra	Chin (2 parts)	Bhramari	Vikritaksh
10	Hinglaj (Or Hingula), southern Baluchistan a few hours North-east of Gawadar and about 125 km towards North-west from Karachi	Pakistan	Bramharandhra (Part of the head)	Kottari	Bhimlochan
11	Jayanti at Nartiang village in the Jaintia Hills district. This Shakti Peetha is locally known as the Nartiang Durga Temple.	Meghalaya	Left thigh	Jayanti	Kramadishwar
12	Jessoreswari, situated at Ishwaripur, Shyamnagar Upazila, Khulna Division. The temple complex was built by Maharaja Pratapaditya, whose capital was Ishwaripur.	Bangladesh	Palms of hands and soles of the feet	Jashoreshwari	Chanda
13	Jwalaji, Kangra from Pathankot alight at Jwalamukhi Road Station from there 20 km	Himachal Pradesh	Tongue	Siddhida (Ambika)	Unmatta Bhairav
14	Kalipeeth, (Kalighat, Kolkata)	West Bengal	Right Toes	Kalika	Nakuleshwar
15	Kalmadhav on the banks of Shon river in a cave over hills near to Amarkantak	Madhya Pradesh	Left buttock	Kali	Asitang
16	Kamgiri, Kamakhya, in the Neelachal hills near Guwahati	Assam	Genitals	Kamakhya	Umanand
17	Kankalitala, on the banks of Kopai River 10 km north-east of Bolpur station in Birbhum district, Devi locally known as Kankaleshwari	West Bengal	Bone	Devgarbha	Ruru
18	Kanyashram of Balaambika - The Bhagavathy temple in Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of mainland India, Tamil Nadu (also thought to be situated in Yunnan province, China)	Tamil Nadu	Back	Sarvani	Nimish
19	Karnat, Brajeshwari Devi, Kangra	Himachal Pradesh	Both ears	Jayadurga	Abhiru
20	Kireet at Kireetkona village, 3 km from Lalbag Court Road station under district Murshidabad	West Bengal	Crown	Vimla	Sanwart
21	Locally known as Anandamayee Temple. Ratnavali, on the banks of Ratnakar river at Khanakul-Krishnanagar, district Hooghly	West Bengal	Right Shoulder	Kumari	Shiva
22	Locally known as Bhramari Devi. In Jalpaiguri near a small village Boda on the bank of river Teesta or Tri-shrota (combination of three flows) mentioned in Puranas	West Bengal	Left leg	Bhraamari	Ambar
23	Manas, under Tibet at the foot of Mount Kailash in Lake Mansarovar, a piece of Stone	Tibet	Right hand	Dakshayani	Amar
24	Manibandh, at Gayatri hills near Pushkar 11 km north-west of Ajmer.People know this temple as Chamunda Mata Temple.	Rajasthan	Wrists	Gayatri	Sarvanand
25	Mithila, near Janakpur railway station on the border of India and Nepal	Nepal	Left shoulder	Uma	Mahodar
26	Nainativu (Manipallavam), Northern Province, Sri Lanka. Located 36 km from the ancient capital of the Jaffna kingdom, Nallur. The murti of the Goddess is believed to have been consecrated and worshipped by Lord Indra. The protagonist, Lord Rama and antagonist, Ravana of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana have offered obeisances to the Goddess. Nāga and Garuda of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; resolved their longstanding feuds after worshipping this Goddess.	Sri Lanka	Silambu (Anklets)	Indrakshi (Nagapooshani / Bhuvaneswari)	Rakshaseshwar (Nayanair)
27	Nepal, near Pashupatinath Temple at Guhyeshwari Temple	Nepal	Both Knees	Mahashira	Kapali
28	On Chandranath hill near Sitakunda station of Chittagong Division. The famous Chandranath Temple on the top of the hill is the Bhairav temple of this Shakti Peetha, not the Shakti Peeth itself.	Bangladesh	Right arm	Bhawani	Chandrashekhar
29	Panchsagar Near Lohaghat (in Champawat District of Uttarakhand) nearly 100 km from nearest railway station Tanakpur.	Uttarakhand	Lower teeth	Varahi	Maharudra
30	Prabhas, 4 km from Veraval station near Somnath temple in Junagadh district.Local People call this temple as Kali Mandir, It’s nearby triveni sangam only.	Gujarat.	Stomach	Chandrabhaga	Vakratund
31	Prayag near Sangam at Allahabad	Uttar Pradesh	Finger	Lalita	Bhava
32	Present day Kurukshetra town or Thanesar ancient Sthaneshwar	Haryana	Ankle bone	Savitri/BhadraKali	Sthanu
33	Ramgiri, at Chitrakuta on the Jhansi Manikpur railway line	Uttar Pradesh	Right breast	Shivani	Chanda
34	Sainthia, locally Known as Nandikeshwari temple. Only 1.5 km from the railway station under a banyan tree within a boundary wall, Birbhum district	West Bengal	Necklace	Nandini	Nandikeshwar
35	Sarvashail or Godavaritir, at Kotilingeswar temple on the banks of Godavari river near Rajamundry	Andhra Pradesh	Cheeks	Rakini or Vishweshwari	Vatsnabh or Dandpani
36	Naina devi temple in Naintal near Naini lake,	Present UttaraKhand	Eyes	Mahishmardini	Krodhish
37	Shondesh, at the source point of Narmada River in Amarkantak	Madhya Pradesh	Right buttock	Narmada	Bhadrasen
38	Shri Parvat, near Ladak, Jammu and Kashmir. Another belief: at Srisailam in Shriparvat hills under Kurnool district	Andhra Pradesh	Right anklet (ornament)	Shrisundari	Sundaranand
39	Shri Shail, at Joinpur village, Dakshin Surma, near Gotatikar, 3 km north-east of Sylhet town	Bangladesh	Neck	Mahalaxmi	Sambaranand
40	Shuchi, in a Shiva temple at Suchindrum 11 km on Kanyakumari Trivandrum road	Tamil Nadu	Upper teeth	Narayani	Sanhar
41	Sugandha, situated in Shikarpur, Gournadi, about 20 km from Barisal town, on the banks of Sonda river.	Bangladesh	Nose	Sugandha	Trayambak
42	Udaipur, Tripura, at the top of the hills known as Tripura Sundari temple near Radhakishorepur village, a little distance away from Udaipur town	Tripura	Right leg	Tripura Sundari	Tripuresh
43	Ujaani, at Mangalkot 16 km from Guskara station under Burdwan district	West Bengal	Right wrist	Mangal Chandika	Kapilambar
44	Varanasi at Manikarnika Ghat on banks of the Ganges at Kashi	Uttar Pradesh	Earring	Vishalakshi & Manikarni	Kalbhairav
45	Vibhash, at Tamluk under district Purba Medinipur	West Bengal	Left ankle	Kapalini (Bhimarupa)	Sarvanand
46	Virat, near Bharatpur	Rajasthan	Left toes	Ambika	Amriteshwar
47	Vrindavan, near new bus stand on Bhuteshwar road within Bhuteshwar Mahadev Temple, Katyayanipeeth. Vrindavan	Uttar Pradesh	Ringlets of hair	Uma	Bhutesh
48	Jalandhar, from Jalandhar Cantonment Station to Devi Talab.	Punjab	Left Breast	Tripurmalini	Bhishan
49	Baidyanath Dham	Jharkhand	Heart	Jaya Durga	Baidyanath
50	Biraja Temple in Jajpur	Jajpur, Odisha	Bamonbonsham(Navel)	Biraja
51	Jugaadya,at Khirgram under Burdwan district	West Bengal	Great Toe	Jugaadya	Ksheer Khandak
52	Pitikapureswari,at Kakinada under Kakinada Port Toen	Andhra Pradesh	Hipp Part
53	Ambaji	Gujarat	Heart	Amba	Batuk Bhairav

Divya Desam ( List Of 108 Vishnu Temples )

A Divya Desam (Tamil: திவ்ய தேசம்) is one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the works of the Tamil Azhvars (saints). Divya means "premium" and Desam indicates "place" (temple). Of the 108 temples, 105 are in India, one is in Nepal, and two are outside the Earthly realms. The Divya Desams are revered by the 12 Azhvars in the Divya Prabandha, a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses. While most Divya Desams follow Thenkalai mode of worship, some follow Vadakalai too among others.

The word azhwar means the one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of god. Azhwars are considered the twelve supreme devotees of Vishnu, who were instrumental in popularising Vaishnavism during the 5th-8th centuries A.D. The religious works of these saints in Tamil, songs of love and devotion, are compiled as Nalayira Divya Prabandham containing 4000 verses and the 108 temples revered in their songs are classified as Divya desam.The saints had different origins and belonged to different castes. As per tradition, the first three azhwars, Poigai, Bhutha and Pey were born miraculously. Tirumizhisai was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, Mathurakavi, Peria and Andal were from brahmin community, Kulasekhara from Kshatria community, Namm was from a cultivator family, Tirupana from panar community and Tirumangai from kazhwar community. Divya Suri Saritra by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century AD), Guruparamparaprabavam by Pinbaragiya Perumal Iayar, Periya tiru mudi adaivu by Anbillai Kandadiappan, Yatindra Pranava Prabavam by Pillai Lokacharya, commentaries on Divya Prabandam, Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the azhwars and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of Panchajanya (Krishna's conch), Bhoothath of Kaumodakee (Vishnu's Mace/Club), Pey of Nandaka (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of Sudarshanam (Vishnu's discus), Namm of Vishvaksena (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of Vainatheya (Vishnu's eagle, Garuda), Kulasekhara of Kaustubha (Vishnu's necklace), Periy of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of Bhoodevi (Vishnu's wife, Lakshmi, in her form as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of Vanamaalai (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of Srivatsa (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of Saranga (Krishna's bow). The songs of Prabandam are regularly sung in all the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.

According to traditional account by Manavala Mamunigal, the first three azhwars namely Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belong to Dwapara Yuga (before 4200 BC). Modern historians place the period of azhwars from the 5th to 8th century AD, but there is dispute about the chronology and relation between each other. But it is widely accepted by tradition and historians that the trio are the earliest among the twelve azhwars. Along with the three Saiva nayanmars, they influenced the ruling Pallava kings, creating a Bhakti movement that resulted in changing the religious geography from Buddhism and Jainism to these two sects of Hinduism in the region. The azhwars were also instrumental in promoting the Bhagavatha cult and the two epics of India, namely, Ramayana and Mahabaratha.The azhwars were instrumental in spreading Vaishnavism throughout the region.The verses of the various azhwars were compiled by Nathamuni (824-924 AD), a 10th-century Vaishnavite theologian, who called it the "Tamil Veda".

List of Divya Desams

North/South/West India&Nepal

1. Ahobilam - Andhra Pradesh

2. Muktinath, Saligramam Nepal

3. Naimisaranya - Uttar Pradesh

4. Mathura - Uttar Pradesh

5. Gokul - Uttar Pradesh

6. Devaprayag - Uttarakhand

7. chittoor - Andhra Pradesh

8. Badrinath temple - Uttarakhand

9. Ayodhya - Uttar Pradesh

10. Dwarka - Gujarat

Malai Nadu

11. Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple Thiruvananthapuram

12. Thirukatkarai

13. Moozhikkalam

14. Tiruvalla

15. Thirukadithanam

16. Sengunroor

17. Thiruppuliyoor

18. Thiruvaaranvilai

19. Thiruvanvandoor

20. Thiru naavaay

21. Viththuvakkodu

Madurai

22. Thirumeyyam

23. Thirukoshtiyur

24. Koodal Azhagar Temple

25. Azhagar Kovil

26. Tirumogoor

27. Srivilliputhur

28. Tiruththangal

29. Thiruppullani

Kanchipuram

30. Thiruvengadam

31. Tirukkacchi

32. Ashtabujakaram

33. Tiruvekkaa

34. Tiruththanka

35. Tiruvelukkai

36. Tirukalvanoor

37. Tiru oorakam

38. Tiru neeragam

39. Tiru kaaragam

40. Tirukaarvaanam

41. Tiru parameswara vinnagaram

42. Tiru pavala vannam

43. Tiru paadagam

44. Tiru nilaaththingal thundam

45. Thiruputkuzhi

Chennai

46. Thiruvallikeni

47. Thiruneermalai

48. Thiruvidandai

49. Thirukadalmallai

50. Thiruninravur

51. Thiruvallur

52. Thirukkadigai

Mayiladuthurai and Sirkazhi

53. Thiruvazhunthoor

54. Thiruindaloor

55. Kazheesirama Vinnagaram

56. Thirukkavalampadi

57. Thiruchsemponsey

58. Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram

59. Thiru Vanpurushothamam

60. Thiruvaikunda vinnagaram

61. Thirumanimadam

62. Thiruthevanartthogai

63. Thiruthetriyambalam

64. Thirumanikkoodam

65. Thiruvellakkulam

66. Thiruppaarththanpalli

67. Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam

68. Thiruchsirupuliyoor

69. Thiruvali-Thirunagari

Thanjavur

70. Thiruccithra kootam

71. Thirukkannangudi

72. Thirunagai

73. Thiru Thanjai

74. Tirukkoilur

75. Thirukkoodaloor

76. Thiru Kavith Thalam

77. Thiru Adhanoor

78. Thirupullabhoothangudi

79. Thirukkudandhai

80. Thiruccherai

81. Thirunandipura Vinnagaram

82. ThiruNaraiyoor

83. Thiruvinnagar

84. Thiruvelliyangudi

85. Thirukkanamangai

86. Thirukkkannapuram

87. Thirukkandiyur

Trichy

88. Sri Rangam

89. Thirukkozhi

90. Thirukkarambanoor

91. Thiruvellarai

92. Thiru Anbil

93. Thirupper Nagar

94. Thiruvanthipuram

Tirunelveli

95. Thiruvaramangai

96. Thirukkurungudi

97. Srivaikundam

98. Thiruvaragunamangai

99. Thiruppulingudi

100. Thirukkurugoor

101. Thirutthulaivillimangalam

102. Thirukkoloor

103. Thirukkulandhai

104. Thentirupperai

Kanyakumari

105. Thiruvattaru

106. Thiruvanparisaram

Outside the Earthly

107. Thirupaarkadal

108. Thiruparamapadham

 

S.No.	Divyadesam	Thayar (Lakshmi)	Swamy (Vishnu)
1	Srirangam	Ranganayagi	Ranganathar (Periya Perumal)
2	Thirukozhi	Kamalavalli Vasalakshmi	Azhagiya Manavala Perumal
3	Thirukarambanur	Poornaavalli	Purushothama Perumal
4	Thiruvellarai	Rakthapankajavalli	Pundarikaksha Perumal
5	Thiruanbil	Soundaryavalli	Sundaramoorthaye Poornaya Perumal
6	Thiruppernagar	Indravalli	Appala Ranganatha Perumal
7	Thirukandiyur	Kamalavalli	Kamalanatha, Harasabavimochana Perumal
8	Thirukoodalur	Padmasani	Jagathrakshaga Perumal
9	Thirukavithalam	Ramamanivalli	Gajendravaradha Perumal
10	Thiruppullamboothangudi	Hemabja	Thrudathanvee Ramabadhra Perumal
11	Thiruaadhanur	Ranganayagi	Varshakalathinayaka Perumal
12	Thirukudanthai	Komalavalli	Aparyapthamrutha Perumal
13	Thiruvinnagar	Boodevi	Lavanavarjitha Srinivasa Perumal
14	Thirunaraiyur	Vanjulavalli	Srinivasa Perumal
15	Thirucherai	Saranayagi	Saranatha Perumal
16	Thirunandhipura Vinnagaram	Shenbagavalli	Jagannatha Perumal
17	Thiruvelliyangudi	Maragadhavalli	Srungarasundara Danushbani Ramaya Perumal
18	Thirukannamangai	Abishegavalli	Bhaktavatsala Perumal
19	Thirukannapuram	Kannapura	Sowriraja Perumal
20	Thirukannangudi	Loganayagi	Lokanatha Perumal
21	Thirunagai	Soundaryavalli	Soundararaja Perumal
22	Thiruthanjai Mamanikoil	Rakthapankajavalli	Neelamega Perumal
	Manikundram	Ambujavalli	Maniparvatha Perumal
	Thanjaiyali Nagar	Thanjanayagi	Narasimha Perumal
23	Thiruvazhundur	Rakthapankajavalli	Devadhiraja Perumal
24	Thiruchirupuliyur	Dhayanayagi	Krupasamudra Perumal
25	Thiruthalaichanga Nanmadiyam	Siras sanga	Chandrasabahara Perumal
26	Thiruindalur	Pundareegavalli	Parimalaranganatha Perumal
27	Thirukazhicheerama Vinnagaram	Loganayagi	Lokanatha Thrivikrama Perumal
28	Thirukkavalambadi	Pankajavalli	Gopala Krishna Perumal
29	Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram	Amrudhagadavalli	Gadakeli Narthanaya Perumal
30	Thiruvanpurushothamam	Purushothama	Purushothama Perumal
31	Thirusemponsaikoil	Sweda Pushpavalli	Hemaranganatha Perumal
32	Thirumanimadakoil	Pundareegavalli	Sashvatha Deepaya Narayana Perumal
33	Thiruvaigunda Vinnagaram	Vaigundavalli	Vaikuntanatha Perumal
34	Thiruthetriambalam	Rakthapankajavalli	Lakshmiranga Perumal
35	Thirumanikoodam	Boonayagi	Varadharaja Perumal
36	Thiruparthanpalli	Kamala	Parthasarathy roopa, Kamalapathaye Perumal
37	Thiruvali & Thirunagari	Amrudhagadavalli	Kedarapathivaraya Perumal
38	Thiruthevanarthogai	Samudradanaya	Devanayaka Perumal
39	Thiruvellakulam	Padmavathi	Srinivasa Perumal
40	Thiruchitrakoodam	Pundareegavalli	Govindaraja Perumal
41	Thiruvaheendrapuram	Hemabujavalli	Devanatha Perumal
42	Thirukkovalur	Pushpavalli	Thrivikrama Perumal
43	Thirukkachi - Atthigiri	Perundevi	Devathiraja Perumal
44	Ashtabuyagaram	Padmasani	Gajendravarada Perumal
45	Thiruthanka	Maragadhavalli	Deepaprakasa Perumal
46	Thiruvelukkai	Amruthavalli	Sundharayoghanarasimha Perumal
47	Thiruneeragam	Boovalli	Jagadeeswara Perumal
48	Thiruppadagam	Rukmani Sathyabama	Pandavadootha Perumal
49	Thiru Nilathingal Thundam	Chandrasoodavalli	Chandrasooda Perumal
50	Thiruooragam	Amudavalli	Thrivikrama Perumal
51	Thiruvehka	Komalavalli	Yathokthakari Perumal
52	Thirukkaragam	Padmamani	Karunagara Perumal
53	Thirukkarvaanam	Kamalavalli	Neelamega Perumal
54	Thirukkalvanur	Sundarabimbavalli	Choranatha Perumal
55	Thiruppavalavannam	Pravalavalli	Pravalavarna Perumal
56	Thiruparamechura Vinnagaram	Vaigundavalli	Vaikundanatha Perumal
57	Thirupputkuzhi	Maragadavalli	Vijayaraghava Perumal
58	Thirunindravur	Sudhavalli	Bhaktavatsala Perumal
59	Thiruevvul	Kanagavalli	Vaidhya Veeraraghava Perumal
60	Thiruvallikeni	Rukmani	Venkatakrishna Perumal
61	Thiruneermalai	Sundaravalli	Jalathivarnaya Perumal
62	Thiruidaventhai	Komalavalli	Lakshmivaraha Perumal
63	Thirukkadalmallai	Boosthalamangadevi	Sthalasayana Perumal
64	Thirukkadigai	Amruthabalavalli	Yoganarasimha Perumal
65	Thiruvayothi	Seethadevi	Ramachandra Perumal
66	Thirunaimisaranyam	Sriharilakshmi	Devaraja Perumal
67	Thirupruthi	Parimalavalli	Paramapurushaya Perumal
68	Thirukkandamenum Kadinagar	Pundareegavalli	Neelamega Perumal
69	Thiruvadariyachramam	Aravindavalli	Badrinarayana Perumal
70	Thirusalakraamam	Sridevi	Srimoorthi Perumal
71	Thiruvadamadurai	Sathyabama	Govardhanagiridhari Perumal
72	Thiruvaipadi	Rukmani Sathyabama	Navamohanakrishna Perumal
73	Thirudwaragai	Lakshmi	Rukmanyadhi Ashtamahishi, Dwarakadeesa Perumal
74	Thirusingavelkundram	Amruthavalli Senchulakshmi	Lakshminarasimha Perumal
75	Thiruvengadam(Mel Thirupathi)	Padmavathi	Srinivasa Perumal
76	Thirunavai	Padmavathi	Narayana Perumal
77	Thiruvithuvakodu	Vithuvakoduvalli	Sri Abhayapradhaya Perumal
78	Thirukatkarai	Vathsalyavalli	Katkaraswami Perumal
79	Thirumoozhikkalam	Madhuraveni	Sookthinatha Perumal
80	Thiruvallavazh	Vathsalyavalli	Sundaraya Perumal
81	Thirukkadithalam	Karpagavalli	Amruthanarayana Perumal
82	Thiruchengundrur	Rakthapankajavalli	Devathideva Perumal
83	Thiruppuliyur	Hemalatha	Mayashaktiyuthaswamy Perumal
84	Thiruvaranvilai	Padmasani	Vamana Perumal
85	Thiruvanvandoor	Kamalavalli	Kamalanatha Perumal
86	Thiruvananthapuram	Harilakshmi	Ananthapadmanabha Perumal
87	Thiruvattaru	Maragadhavalli	Adhikesava Perumal
88	Thiruvanparisaram	Kamalavalli	Vamanaya Perumal
89	Thirukkurungudi	vamanashetravalli	Vamanakshetrapoornaya Perumal
90	Thirucheeravaramangai	Chireevaramangaivalli	Thothadhrinatha Perumal
91	Thiruvaigundam (Navathirupathi)	Boonayagi, Vaigundavalli	Vaikuntanatha Perumal
92	Thiruvaragunamangai (navathirupathi)	Varagunavalli	Vijayasana Perumal
93	Thiruppuliangudi (Navathirupathi)	Boonayagi	Boomipalaya Vairinedharchidha Gopaya Perumal
94	Thirutholaivillimangalam(Navathirupathi)	Visalakrishnakshidevi	Aravindhalochana Perumal
95	Thirukkulandai(Navathirupathi)	Baligavalli Padmavathi	Srinivasa Perumal
96	Thirukkolur(Navathirupathi)	Kolurvalli	Nikshepavithaya Perumal
97	Thirupperai (Navathirupathi)	Kundalakarnadevi	Dheerga Magarakundaladharaya Perumal
98	Thirukkurugur (Navathirupathi)	Aadhinathavalli	Aadhinatha Perumal
99	Thiruvillipputhur	Kodhadevi	Vadapathrasayee Perumal
100	Thiruthangal	Rakthapankajavalli	Narayana Perumal
101	Thirukkoodal	Madhuravalli	Sangamasundharaya Perumal
102	Thirumaliruncholai	Sundaravalli	Chorasundara Perumal
103	Thirumogur	Mohavalli	Kalamega Perumal
104	Thirukkoshtiyur	Mahalakshmi	Uraga Mrudusayanaya Perumal
105	Thiruppullani	Kalyanavalli, Padmasani	Kalyana Jagannatha Perumal
106	Thirumeyyam	Ujjeevana	Sathyagirinatha Perumal
107	Thirupparkadal	BooSamudradhanaya	Ksheerabdhinatha Perumal
108	Thirupparamapadham	Mahalakshmya	Paramapadhanathaya Perumal